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Banking Fraud is posing threat to Indian Economy. Its vibrant effect can be understood be the fact that in the year 2004 estimate of Cyber Crime were 347 in India which rose to 481 in 2005 showing an increase of 38.5% while I.P.C. Class crime stood at 302 in 2005 along with 186 cases of cyber fraud and 68 cases cyber forgery. Thus it becomes very foremost that occurrence of such frauds should be minimized. More upsetting is the fact that such frauds are entering in Banking Sector as well.
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In the gift day, Global Scenario Banking theory has acquired new dimensions. Banking did spread in India. Today, the banking theory has entered into competitive markets in areas surface reserved supply mobilization, human reserved supply development, customer services and credit supervision as well.
Indian's banking theory has any superior achievements to its credit, the most remarkable of which is its reach. In fact, Indian banks are now spread out into the remotest areas of our country. Indian banking, which was operating in a extremely comfortable and protected environment till the starting of 1990s, has been pushed into the choppy waters of intense competition.
A sound banking theory should possess three basic characteristics to safe depositor's interest and social faith. Theses are (i) a fraud free culture, (ii) a time tested Best custom Code, and (iii) an in house immediate grievance healthful system. All these conditions are their missing or extremely weak in India. Section 5(b) of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 defines banking... "Banking is the accepting for the purpose of lending or investment, deposits of money from the purpose of lending or investment, deposits of money from the public, repayable on request or otherwise and withdraw able by cheque, draft, order or otherwise." But if his money has fraudulently been drawn from the bank the latter is under correct promulgation to pay the depositor. The bank therefore has to ensure at all times that the money of the depositors is not drawn fraudulently. Time has come when the security aspects of the banks have to be dealt with on priority basis.
The banking theory in our country has been taking care of all segments of our socio-economic set up. The report contains a consulation on the rise of banking frauds and assorted methods that can be used to avoid such frauds. A bank fraud is a deliberate act of omission or commission by any person carried out in the policy of banking transactions or in the books of accounts, resulting in wrongful gain to any person for a temporary duration or otherwise, with or without any monetary loss to the bank. The relevant provisions of Indian Penal Code, Criminal policy Code, Indian contract Act, and Negotiable Instruments Act relating to banking frauds has been cited in the gift Article.
Evolution Of Banking theory In India
Banking theory occupies an foremost place in a nation's economy. A banking custom is needful in a contemporary society. It plays a pivotal role in economic amelioration of a country and forms the core of the money store in an industrialized country.
Banking business in India has traversed a long way to assume its gift stature. It has undergone a major structural transformation after the nationalization of 14 major market banks in 1969 and 6 more on 15 April 1980. The Indian banking theory is unique and perhaps has no parallels in the banking history of any country in the world.
Reserve Bank Of India-Economic And social Objective
The maintain Bank of India has an foremost role to play in the maintenance of the change value of the rupee in view of the close interdependence of international trade and national economic increase and well being. This aspect is of the wider responsibly of the central bank for the maintenance of economic and financial stability. For this the bank is entrusted with the custody and the supervision of country's international reserves; it acts also as the agent of the government in respect of India's membership of the international monetary fund. With economic amelioration the bank also performs a variety of developmental and promotional functions which in the past were registered being surface the normal purview of central banking. It also acts an foremost regulator.
Bank Frauds: belief And Dimensions
Banks are the engines that drive the operations in the financial sector, which is vital for the economy. With the nationalization of banks in 1969, they also have emerged as engines for social change. After Independence, the banks have passed through three stages. They have moved from the character based lending to ideology based lending to today competitiveness based lending in the context of India's economic liberalization policies and the process of linking with the global economy.
While the operations of the bank have come to be increasingly needful banking frauds in banks are also addition and fraudsters are becoming more and more sophisticated and ingenious. In a bid to keep pace with the changing times, the banking sector has diversified it business manifold. And the old religious doctrine of class banking has been supplanted by mass banking. The challenge in supervision of social responsibility with economic viability has increased.
Definition Of Fraud
Fraud is defined as "any behavior by which one person intends to gain a dishonest benefit over another". In other words , fraud is an act or omission which is intended to cause wrongful gain to one person and wrongful loss to the other, either by way of concealment of facts or otherwise.
Fraud is defined u/s 421 of the Indian Penal Code and u/s 17 of the Indian contract Act. Thus needful elements of frauds are:
1. There must be a representation and assertion;
2. It must present to a fact;
3. It must be with the knowledge that it is false or without reliance in its truth; and
4. It must induce other to act upon the assertion in request or to do or not to do safe bet act.
Bank Frauds
Losses sustained by banks as a effect of frauds exceed the losses due to robbery, dacoity, burglary and theft-all put together. Unauthorized credit facilities are extended for illegal gratification such as case credit allowed against pledge of goods, hypothecation of goods against bills or against book debts. Tasteless modus operandi are, pledging of spurious goods, inletting the value of goods, hypothecating goods to more than one bank, fraudulent extraction of goods with the knowledge and connivance of in negligence of bank staff, pledging of goods belonging to a third party. Goods hypothecated to a bank are found to include obsolete stocks packed in in the middle of goods stocks and case of shortage in weight is not uncommon.
An pathology made of cases brings out broadly the under mentioned four major elements responsible for the commission of frauds in banks.
1. Active involvement of the staff-both supervisor and clerical either independent of external elements or in connivance with outsiders.
2. Failure on the part of the bank staff to effect meticulously laid down instructions and guidelines.
3. External elements perpetuating frauds on banks by forgeries or manipulations of cheques, drafts and other instruments.
4. There has been a growing collusion in the middle of business, top banks executives, civil servants and politicians in power to defraud the banks, by getting the rules bent, regulations flouted and banking norms thrown to the winds.
Frauds-Prevention And Detection
A close study of any fraud in bank reveals many Tasteless basic features. There may have been negligence or dishonesty at some stage, on part of one or more of the bank employees. One of them may have colluded with the borrower. The bank lawful may have been putting up with the borrower's sharp practices for a personal gain. The allowable care which was thinkable, of the staff, as custodians of banks interest may not have been taken. The bank's rules and procedures laid down in the hand-operated instructions and the circulars may not have been observed or may have been deliberately ignored.
Bank frauds are the failure of the banker. It does not mean that the external frauds do not defraud banks. But if the banker is upright and knows his job, the task of defrauder will come to be extremely difficult, if not possible.
Detection of Frauds
Despite all care and vigilance there may still be some frauds, though their number, periodicity and intensity may be considerably reduced. The following policy would be very helpful if taken into consideration:
1. All relevant data-papers, documents etc. Should be instantly collected. Former vouchers or other papers forming the basis of the investigation should be kept under lock and key.
2. All persons in the bank who may be knowing something about the time, place a modus operandi of the fraud should be examined and their statements should be recorded.
3. The probable order of events should thereafter be reconstructed by the officer, in his own mind.
4. It is advisable to keep the central office informed about the fraud and supplementary developments in regard thereto.
Classification of Frauds and operation Required by Banks
The maintain Bank of India had set-up a high level committee in 1992 which was headed by Mr. A... Ghosh, the then Dy. Governor maintain Bank of India to request into assorted aspects relating to frauds malpractice in banks. The committee had noticed/observed three major causes for perpetration of fraud as given hereunder:
1. Laxity in observance of the laid down theory and procedures by operational and supervising staff.
2. Over reliance reposed in the clients who indulged in breach of trust.
3. Unscrupulous clients by taking advantages of the laxity in observance of established, time tested safeguards also committed frauds.
In order to have uniformity in reporting cases of frauds, Rbi determined the request of classification of bank frauds on the basis of the provisions of the Ipc.
Given below are the Provisions and their healthful measures that can be taken.
1. Cheating (Section 415, Ipc)
Remedial Measures.
The preventive measures in respect of the cheating can be concentrated on cross-checking regarding identity, genuineness, verification of particulars, etc. In respect of assorted instruments as well as persons complicated in encashment or dealing with the asset of the bank.
2. Criminal misappropriation of asset (Section 403 Ipc).
Remedial Measure
Criminal misappropriation of property, intuit the custody or operate of funds or property, so subjected, with that of the person committing such frauds. Preventive measures, for this class of fraud should be taken at the level the custody or operate of the funds or asset of the bank ordinarily vests. Such a part should be sufficient, it is extended to these persons who are authentically handling or having actual custody or operate of the fund or movable properties of the bank.
3. Criminal breach of trust (Section 405, Ipc)
Remedial Measure
Care should be taken from the preliminary step when a person comes to the bank. Care needs to be taken at the time of recruitment in bank as well.
4. Forgery (Section 463, Ipc)
Remedial Measure
Both the prevention and detection of frauds through forgery are foremost for a bank. Forgery of signatures is the most frequent fraud in banking business. The bank should take special care when the instrument has been presented either bearer or order; in case a bank pays forged instrument he would be liable for the loss to the genuine costumer.
5. Falsification of accounts (Section 477A)
Remedial Measure
Proper diligence is required while filling of forms and accounts. The accounts should be rechecked on daily basis.
6. Theft (Section 378, Ipc)
Remedial Measures
Encashment of stolen' cheque can be prevented if the bank clearly specify the age, sex and two graphic recognize operation marks on the body of the person traveler's cheques on the back of the cheque leaf. This will help the paying bank to authentically recognize the cheque holder. Theft from lockers and safe deposit vaults are not easy to commit because the master-key remains with the banker and the individual key of the locker is handed over to the costumer with due acknowledgement.
7. Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 A, Ipc)
In the case of State of Andhra Pradesh v. Ibs Prasad Rao and Other, the accused, who were clerks in a cooperative Central Bank were all convicted of the offences of cheating under Section 420 read along with Section 120 A. All the four accused had conspired together to defraud the bank by making false request drafts and receipt vouchers.
8. Offences relating to currency notes and banks notes (Section 489 A-489E, Ipc)
These sections furnish for the security of currency-notes and bank notes from forgery. The offences under section are:
(a) Counterfeiting currency notes or banks.
(b) Selling, buying or using as genuine, forged or counterfeit currency notes or bank notes. Knowing the same to be forged or counterfeit.
(c) proprietary of forged or counterfeit currency notes or bank-notes, knowing or counterfeit and intending to use the same as genuine.
(d) making or passing instruments or materials for forging or counterfeiting currency notes or banks.
(e) making or using documents resembling currency-notes or bank notes.
Most of the above provisions are Cognizable Offences under Section 2(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.
Fraud Prone Areas In separate Accounts
The following are the potential fraud prone areas in Banking Sector. In addition to those areas I have also given kinds of fraud that are Tasteless in these areas.
Savings Bank Accounts
The following are some of the examples being played in respect of savings bank accounts:
(a) Cheques bearing the forged signatures of depositors may be presented and paid.
(b) Specimen signatures of the depositors may be changed, particularly after the death of depositors,
(c) Dormant accounts may be operated by dishonest persons with or without collusion of bank employees, and
(d) Unauthorized withdrawals from customer's accounts by worker of the bank maintaining the savings ledger and later destruction of the up-to-date vouchers by them.
Current list Fraud
The following types are likely to be committed in case of current accounts.
(a) opportunity of frauds in the names of little companies or firms by unauthorized persons;
(b) Presentation and cost of cheques bearing forged signatures;
(c) Breach of trust by the employees of the companies or firms possessing cheque leaves duly signed by the authorized signatures;
(d) Fraudulent alteration of the estimate of the cheques and getting it paid either at the counter or though other bank.
Frauds In Case Of Advances
Following types may be committed in respect of advances:
(a) Spurious gold ornaments may be pledged.
(b) Sub-standard goods may be pledged with the bank or their value may be shown at inflated figures.
(c) Same goods may be hypothecated in favour of separate banks.
Legal Regime To operate Bank Frauds
Frauds constitute white-collar crime, committed by unscrupulous persons deftly benefit of loopholes existing in systems/procedures. The ideal situation is one there is no fraud, but taking ground realities of the nation's environment and human nature's fragility, an custom should always like to keep the overreach of frauds at the minimum occurrence level.
Following are the relevant sections relating to Bank Frauds
Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860)
(a) Section 23 "Wrongful gain".-
"Wrongful gain" is gain by unlawful means of asset to which the person gaining is not legally entitled.
(b) "Wrongful loss"
"Wrongful loss" is the loss by unlawful means of asset to which the person losing it is legally entitled.
(c) Gaining wrongfully.
Losing wrongfully-A person is said to gain wrongfully when such person retains wrongfully, as well as when such person acquires wrongfully. A person is said to lose wrongfully when such person is wrongfully kept out of any property, as well as when such person is wrongfully deprived of property.
(d) Section 24. "Dishonestly"
Whoever does anyone with the intention of causing wrongful gain to one person or wrongful loss to other person, is said to do that thing "dishonestly".
(e) Section 28. "Counterfeit"
A person is said to "counterfeit" who causes one thing to look other thing, intending by means of that resemblance to custom deception, or knowing it to be likely that deception will thereby be practiced.
Breach Of Trust
1. Section 408- Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant.
2. Section 409- Criminal breach of trust by social servant, or by banker, merchant or agent.
3. Section 416- Cheating by personating
4. Section 419- Punishment for cheating by personation.
Offences Relating To Docments
1) Section 463-Forgery
2) Section 464 -Making a false document
3) Section 465- Punishment for forgery.
4) Section 467- Forgery of needful security, will, etc
5) Section 468- Forgery for purpose of cheating
6) Section 469- Forgery for purpose of harming reputation
7) Section 470- Forged document.
8) Section 471- Using as genuine a forged document
9) Section 477- Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or needful security.
10) Section 477A- Falsification of accounts.
The maintain Bank Of India Act, 1934
Issue of request bills and notes Section 31.
Provides that only Bank and except provided by Central Government shall be authorized to draw, accept, make or issue any bill of exchange, hundi, promissory note or engagement for the cost of money payable to bearer on demand, or borrow, owe or take up any sum or sums of money on the bills, hundis or notes payable to bearer on request of any such person
The Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Holder's right to double of lost bill Section 45A.
1. The finder of lost bill or note acquires no title to it. The title remains with the true owner. He is entitled to recover from the true owner.
2. If the finder obtains cost on a lost bill or note in due course, the payee may be able to get a valid extraction for it. But the true owner can recover the money due on the instrument as damages from the finder.
Section 58
When an Instrument is obtained by unlawful means or for unlawful observation no holder or indorse who claims through the person who found or so obtained the instrument is entitled to receive the estimate due thereon from such maker, acceptor or holder, or from any party prior to such holder, unless such holder or indorse is, or some person through whom he claims was, a holder thereof in due course.
Section 85:
Cheque payable to order.
1. By this section, bankers are settled in privileged position. It provides that if an order cheque is indorsed by or on behalf of the payee, and the banker on whom it is drawn pays it in due course, the banker is discharged. He can debit his customer with the estimate so paid, though the endorsement of the payee might turn out to be a forgery.
2. The claim security under this section the banker has to prove that the cost was a cost in due course, in good faith and without negligence.
Section 87. effect of material alteration
Under this section any alteration made without the consent of party would be void. Alteration would be valid only if is made with Tasteless intention of the party.
Section 138. Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency, etc., of funds in the account.
Where any cheque drawn by a person on an list maintained by him with a banker for cost of any estimate of money to other person from out of that list for the discharge, in whole or in part, of any debt or other liability, is returned by the bank unpaid. either because of the estimate of money standing to the credit of that list is insufficient to honour the cheque or that it exceeds the estimate arranged to be paid from that list by an business transaction made with that bank, such person shall be deemed to have committed an offence and shall, without prejudice.
Section 141(1) Offences by companies.
If the person committing an offence under Section 138 is a company, every person who, at the time the offence was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the business for the show the way of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
Security Regime In Banking System
Security implies sense of security and of leisure from danger or anxiety. When a banker takes a collateral security, say in the form of gold or a title deed, against the money lent by him, he has a sense of security and of leisure from anxiety about the potential non-payment of the loan by the borrower. These should be communicated to all strata of the assosication through suitable means. Before staff managers should analyze current practices. security policy should be stated explicitly and agreed upon by each user in the definite environment. Such practices ensure information security and enhance availability. Bank security is essentially a defense against unforced attacks by thieves, dacoits and burglars.
Physical security Measures-Concept
A large part of banks security depends on social security measures. Physical security measures can be defined as those definite and special protective or defensive measures adopted to deter, detect, delay, defend and defeat or to accomplish any one or more of these functions against culpable acts, both covert and covert and acclamations natural events. The protective or defensive, measures adopted involve construction, premise and deployment of structures, tool and persons respectively.
The following are few guidelines to check malpractices:
1. To rotate the cash work within the staff.
2. One person should not continue on the same seat for more than two months.
3. Daybook should not be written by the Cashier where an other person is ready to the job
4. No cash relinquishment should be allowed within passbook in case of relinquishment by pay order.
5. The field employer should ensure that all staff members have recorder their proximity in the attendance registrar, before starting work.
Execution of Documents
1. A bank officer must adopt a correct professional advent in the carrying out of documents. The ink and the pen used for the carrying out must be maintained uniformly.
2. Bank documents should not be typed on a typewriter for execution. These should be invariably handwritten for execution.
3. The carrying out should always be done in the proximity of the officer responsible for accumulate them,
4. The borrowers should be asked to sign in full signatures in same style throughout the documents.
5. Unless there is a definite requirement in the document, it should not be got attested or witnessed as such attestation may change the character of the instruments and the documents may field to ad volrem stamp duty.
6. The paper on which the bank documents are made should be pilfer proof. It should be unique and ready to the banks only.
7. The printing of the bank documents should have extremely artistic intricate and complicated graphics.
8. The documents executed in the middle of Banker and Borrowers must be kept in safe custody,
Changes In Legislations After Electronic Transactions
1. Section 91 of Ipc shall be amended to include electronic documents also.
2. Section 92 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 shall be amended to include commuter based communications
3. Section 93 of Bankers Book Evidence Act, 1891 has been amended to give legal sanctity for books of list maintained in the electronic form by the banks.
4. Section 94 of the maintain Bank of India Act, 1939 shall be amended to facilitate electronic fund transfers in the middle of the financial institutions and the banks. A new clause (pp) has been inserted in Section 58(2).
Recent Trends Of Banking theory In India
In the banking and financial sectors, the introduction of electronic technology for transactions, settlement of accounts, book-keeping and all other associated functions is now an imperative. Increasingly, either we like it or not, all banking transactions are going to be electronic. The thrust is on commercially foremost centers, which list for 65 percent of banking business in terms of value. There are now a large estimate of fully computerized branches over the country.
A switchover from cash-based transactions to paper-based transactions is being accelerated. Magnetic Ink character recognition clearing of cheques is now operational in many cities, beside the four metro cities. In India, the design, supervision and regulation of electronically-based payments theory are becoming the focus of policy deliberations. The imperatives of developing an effective, sufficient and quick cost and settlement systems are getting sharper with introduction of new instruments such as credit cards, telebanking, Atms, retail Electronic Funds change (Eft) and Electronic Clearing Services (Ecs). We are tantalizing towards smart cards, credit and financial Electronic Data Interchange (Edi) for right through processing.
Financial Fraud (Investigation, Prosecution, saving and recovery of property) Bill, 2001
Further the Financial Fraud (Investigation, Prosecution, saving and recovery of property) Bill, 2001 was introduced in Parliament to curb the menace of Bank Fraud. The Act was to prohibit, control, study financial frauds; recover and restore properties field to such fraud; prosecute for causing financial fraud and matters associated therewith or incidental thereto.
Under the said act the term Financial Fraud has been defined as under:
Section 512 - Financial Fraud
Financial frauds means and includes any of the following acts committed by a person or with his connivance, or by his agent, in his dealings with any bank or financial custom or any other entity keeping social funds;
1. The suggestion, as a fact, of that which is not true, by one who does not believe it to be true;
2. The active concealment of a fact by one having knowledge or reliance of the fact;
3. A promise made with out any intention of performing it;
4. Any other act fitted to deceive;
5. Any such act or omission as the law specially declares to be fraudulent.
Provided that whoever acquires, possesses or transfers any proceeds of financial fraud or enters into any transaction which is associated to proceeds of fraud either directly or indirectly or conceals or aids in the concealment of the proceeds of financial fraud, commits financial fraud.
513(a) - Punishment for Financial Fraud
Whoever commits financial fraud shall be: (a) Punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term, which may expand to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.
(b)Whoever commits serious financial fraud shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may expand to ten years but shall not be less than five years and shall also be liable for fine up to double the estimate complicated in such fraud.
Provided that in both (a) and (b) all funds, bank accounts and properties acquired using such funds subjected to the financial fraud as may reasonably be attributed by the investigating agency shall be recovered and restored to the rightful owner according to the policy established by law.
Conclusion
The Indian Banking business has undergone broad increase since nationalization of 14 banks in the year 1969. There has an approximately eight times increase in the bank branches from about 8000 during 1969 to mote than 60,000 belonging to 289 market banks, of which 66 banks are in hidden sector.
It was the effect of two successive Committees on Computerization (Rangarajan Committee) that set the tone for computerization in India. While the first committee drew the blue print in 1983-84 for the mechanization and computerization in banking industry, the second committee set up in 1989 paved the way for integrated use of telecommunications and computers for applying technogical breakthroughs in banking sector.
However, with the spread of banking and banks, frauds have been on a constant increase. It could be a natural effect to increase in the estimate of customers who are using banks these days. In the year 2000 alone we have lost Rs 673 crores in as many as 3,072 estimate of fraud cases. These are only reported figures. Though, this is 0.075% of Rs 8,96,696 crores of total deposits and 0.15% of Rs 4,44,125 crores of loans & advances, there are any numbers of cases that are not reported. There were nearly 65,800 bank branches of a total of 295 market banks in India as on June 30, 2001 reporting a total of nearly 3,072 bank fraud cases. This makes nearly 10.4 frauds per bank and approximately 0.47 frauds per branch.
An master Committee on Bank Frauds (Chairman: Dr.N.L.Mitra) submitted its report to Rbi in September 2001. The Committee examined and recommend both the preventive and healing aspects of bank frauds.
The foremost recommendations of the Committee include:
o A need for along with financial fraud as a criminal offence;
o Amendments to the Ipc by along with a new chapter on financial fraud;
o Amendments to the Evidence Act to shift the burden of proof on the accused person;
o special provision in the Cr. Pc for properties complicated in the Financial Fraud.
o Confiscating unlawful gains; and preventive measures along with the amelioration of Best Code Procedures by banks and financial institutions.
Thus it can be done that following measures should necessarily be adopted by the Ministry of Finance in order to sell out cases of Fraud.
o There must be a special Court to try financial fraud cases of serious nature.
o The law should furnish detach structural and saving procedure. Every bank must have a domestic enquiry officer to enquire about the civil dimension of fraud.
o A fraud tantalizing an estimate of ten crore of rupees and above may be determined serious and be tried in the special Court.
The Twenty-ninth report of the Law Commission had dealt some categories of crimes one of which is "offences calculated to forestall and obstruct the economic amelioration of the country and endanger its economic health." Offences relating to Banking Fraud will fall under this category. The most foremost feature of such offences is that ordinarily they do not involve an individual direct victim. They are punishable because they harm the whole society. It is clear that money complicated in Bank belongs to public. They deposit there whole life' security in Banks and in case of Dacoity or Robbery in banks the social will be al lost. Thus it is foremost that enough efforts should be taken in this regard.
There exists a new kind of threat in cyber world. Writers are referring it as "Salami Attack" under this a special software is used for transferring the estimate from the list of the individual. Hence the culprits of such crimes should be found quickly and should be given correct punishment. Moreover there is requirement of more estimate of It professionals who will help in finding a explication against all these security threats.
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